Published by: Mandira
Published date: 14 Jan 2022
For the development, available means and resources should be utilized properly. Raw materials themselves cannot do anything by themselves, skilled manpower and capital are required to make the best use of the raw materials. Political stability is needed for the execution of the construction works and implementation of developmental infrastructures.
Infrastructures are the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities, buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Resources are the main requisite for the development of the nation. There is enough natural resources available for the smooth development and the progress of the country. But the problem lies with the human resources. Although there are ample natural resources available there is the lacking of the human resources to exploit these resources systematically. The lacking of the skilled human resources is the main hindrance to pave a concrete path to reach the summit of development.
Nepal is a country rich in physical diversity. If you look at the land topography you will find high Himalayan ranges in the north and smooth plains in the south with hills and valleys. There is various climate over these distinct landforms. The land is suitable for the cultivation of many types of crops. Owing to the diversity of landform and climate, natural vegetation differs from place to place. The country is very rich in wildlife too, there are perennial rivers fed by the Himalayan snow. We get drinking water from these sources. This diverse topography in our country is a real boon of nature.
The major reasons to abstract the development of infrastructures in Nepal are :-
The ways to resolve this problem are as follows:
Education is the backbone of development. This definition of development not only includes economic development but also social and cultural betterment of society. This is explained by the aims of education. By educating a society, the people gain knowledge and learn methods by which they can help build infrastructures and set up economically self-reliant communities. It teaches people to progress from traditional superstition based values to modern ones. Educated people know the importance of their health and the need for nation development as well. Besides, educated people are more knowledgeable and make a better voting choice to help maintain good governance. Since education provides the skilled manpower needed in all the areas for development, it is often taken as the first and the foremost infrastructure of the development.,A good education includes both academic and technical education.
Aims of education
The education is very important and here are some reasons for being educated:
Education in Nepal
Education in Nepal was long based on Homeschooling and Gurukul.The first formal school was established in 1853 but was intended to the elites. Education in Nepal is not that developed. English education in Nepal started in 1910 BS with the establishment of Durbar High School in Kathmandu during the Rana rule. There were only 321 schools and colleges in 2007 BS. When compared to the number of school going children, the number of schools were very low. Even those provided were not evenly distributed and properly managed. Facilities of higher education are also far from enough. Technical education is highly limited, provided by very few educational institutions. It is difficult to find jobs according to qualification. Above all, the general public is still not aware of the value of education and poor people cannot afford a good education.
Good Health is important because a man of health can enjoy great happiness during his life time. Without health we cannot do anything in this world. A man suffering from fever remains confined to bed. He cannot get out of doors. He cannot do anything for anybody. Health before wealth is an old adage that can be readily understood by looking at the links between ill health and poverty in developing countries. Good health boosts labour productivity, educational attainment and income, and so reduces poverty. When poor people know their children are more likely to survive and be healthy, they tend to have smaller families and so higher incomes per family member. So programmes that aim to protect and improve the health of people below and just above the poverty line in developing countries could greatly help in the battle against global poverty.
Status of health in Nepal
In Nepal huge budget is allocated and many organizations are working in health sector. However, expected changes have not taken place in the health of general public. Life expectancy is hardly 65 years. Many children are still malnourished. Epidemic and endemic diseases are common. Drinking water is not safe. The environment in urban areas is highly polluted. Doctors are not ready to serve in remote villages. There are not enough hospitals and health center for medical services. Superstitions and ignorance are high. Many people have not realized the importance of medical treatment yet. Population growth rate is high so it is difficult to provide good health services for all. Even the available facilities have not been fairly distributed. Most good hospitals are located in few cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Bharatpur. The level of nutrition is poor for the majority of people. The Economic level is also poor. Private hospitals offering quality health services are too expensive for average Nepali population to afford.
Transportation is one of our most basic human needs. Without it, we would die pretty quickly. Transportation is the act of moving something from one place to another. We need transportation because all of life’s necessities and pleasures can’t possibly fit within the reach of our static bodies from birth to death. We either have to move ourselves to things or have things moved to us. Transportation allows economic development to occur because it’s a basic prerequisite for anything human. Neither could our economy exist without air, sunlight, or an expectation of immediate bodily safety.
A good system of the transport network is needed for a country's economic and social growth. Industries get their raw materials and agricultural as well as finished goods get markets. Tourists can visit places of interest. Trade and business can flourish. Local products find a market. Human relations and cooperation are widened. But the lack of transport makes all these activities difficult and the overall socio-economic development is obstructed.
Transport in Nepal
As other infrastructure developments, development of transport in Nepal also started late. Today we got several system of transport likewise roadways, railways, ropeways, and waterways. Due to our mountainous topography, landlocked position, backward technology and poor economic condition, these systems have not been developed well. We have not got any sea and large navigable rivers, suitable for water transport. Only small boats and rafts are operating in limited courses of few rivers. We have also not been able to expand the only railway i.e. Janakpur-Jaynagar railway even across the Terai plain. The main reason is a lack of capital and technology. Though airways and ropeways are very suitable for a mountainous country like ours, the system is also quite limited. Even the available services cannot be afforded by ordinary Nepalese. Roadways are developed more in Nepal. But it has not connected all parts of the country yet. Remote areas of the north have still to rely on the expensive air transport that is often unreliable, too.
The transportation sector of Nepal is not developed much due to following reasons :
Plans for roads
Due to our backward economic condition, mountainous and landlocked features, road transport is the most suitable system of transport. The 3-year interim plan had set up the following aims and objectives for the development of road transport in the country.
Some highway of Nepal with Code No.:
| S.N | Code | Places Connected | Name of highway | Length |
| 1 | H01 | Mechi-Mahakali | Mahendra Highway | 1027.67 km |
| 2 | H02 | Birgunj-Kathmandu | Tribhuwan Highway | 159.66 km |
| 3 | H03 | Kathmandu-Kodari | Araniko Highway | 112.83 km |
| 4 | H04 | Naubise-Pokhara | Prithivi Highway | 173.43 km |
| 5 | H05 | Narayanghat-Muglin | Madan-Ashrit Highway | 36.16 km |
| 6 | H06 | Bhittamod-Sindhuli-Dhulikhel | BP Highway | 198 km |
| 7 | H07 | Kechana-Taplegunj | Mechi Highway | 268 km |
| 8 | H08 | Rani-Hile | Koshi Highway | 111 km |
| 9 | H09 | Kadmaha-Salleri | Sagarmatha Highway | 265 km |
| 10 | H10 | Sanauli-Pokhara | Siddhartha Highway | 181.22 km |
| 11 | H11 | Ameliya-Musikot | Rapti Highway | 196 km |
| 12 | H12 | Nepalgunj-Surkhet | Ratna Highway | 113 km |
| 13 | H13 | Surkhet-Jumla | Karnali Highway | 220 km |
| 14 | H14 | Mohanapul-Darchula | Mahakali Highway | 320 km |
| 15 | H15 | Syaule-Samuwagad,Sanfe | Seti Highway | 65.96 km |
Communication in simple language can be defined as the exchange of news, views and ideas from one person to another person. It is the exchange of information to create a better understanding between them. In business, communication is vital between a management and the employees. Whatever a business does is always through communication only. The smooth functioning of an organization depends upon the level of understanding the employees have about business communication. They should clearly know that communication is the act of transferring information from one person to another person inside or outside the organization. Constant and proper communication of news, views and ideas to the various stakeholders creates a good impression. Thus communication is important to maintain a good and healthy relationship with the various stakeholders of an organization.
Communication is the sending and receiving of spoken or written messages between people and places. Other means are:
Telephone
Telephone is the fastest means of communication. Today, we can talk to people in far-off cities or even in different countries through the STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialing) and ISD (International Subscriber Dialing). Telephone facilities are available in all cities, towns and most of the villages these days. Telephone services are better and much cheaper than before. Cellular phones are also being increasingly used.
We can also send message by electronic-mail (e-mail) and the internet to any part of the world on the computers. The internet is a worldwide computer network, by which a user can connect his computer to another computer in any part of the world. E-mail is a very inexpensive means of communication.
Letter
The letter, telephone and e-mail are personal means of communication i.e. they are used as means of communication between individuals.
When we have to communicate with a big group of people, or many people at one time, we have to use means of mass communication Newspaper, radio or television, etc., are means of mass communication.
Newspaper
A newspaper has something for everybody. It gives opinions, information and news of interest from every corner of the world. In India, newspaper and magazines are published in English and regional languages.
Radio, Television
Those who cannot read or write listen to the radio or watch programmers on television. These two means of mass communication have revolutionized our everyday life. Now we can listen to news, discussions and enjoy the different programmers of entertainment without leaving home. On radio and television, there are programmers for students and farmers. Now we can see films at home with our family. We can even watch events as they are happening in any part of the world sitting at home. We can also learn about the habits and culture of the people of different parts of the world.
Water is one of the essential conditions of life. Only the earth has a life because of water. But drinking water should be clean and free from contamination. If it is contaminated, it causes many diseases. The health of people greatly depends on the quality of drinking water. Supply of poor drinking water may affect the manpower provision of development because unhealthy people cannot be useful manpower. The demand for drinking water is growing with population growth and urbanization. It is the prime duty of the government to make the proper supply of drinking water to its citizens while it is consumer's duty to cooperate with the distribution system and help make proper utilization
Nepal is the second richest country in the world in water resources. There are more than 6000 rivers and rivulets. Many of these are snow-fed or perennial. There are quite many lakes in our country. In the Terai and Kathmandu valley, underground water can easily be supplied. There is also good monsoon rain at least in monsoon. Though rich in resources, we are thirsty. We have not been able to make proper use of these vast resources. The poor economic condition, difficult landscape, poor technology and insufficient planning are causing wastage of water. Hardly about 60% of the people in Nepal have access to good water. The scarcity is very acute in dense cities. Kathmandu has long been waiting for the completion of Melamchi project which has been prolonging. In addition, these sources of drinking water are getting polluted due to garbage, sewage, and improper use. people are also not very aware of the need for safe drinking water.Nowadays there is a shortage of drinking water due to an explosive growth of population. The government should give topmost priority to the supply of safe drinking water. Large projects should be launched with international assistance for the supply of water in large city areas. Consumers must be alert about water leakage and environmental pollution. Uncontrolled urbanization also needed to be checked.
Electricity is the main power available in the modern world. It is used in all fields ranging from household to the operation of the industries and heavy constructions. So it is called an infrastructure of development. Similarly, means of communication are needed for passing news, views and notices. In the absence of good communication network, developmental works cannot run smoothly. Relations among people are also lacking.
Nepal has a high potential of hydroelectricity because there are quite many rivers flowing swiftly along the mountainous surface. Feasibility studies have shown that as much as 83000 MW of electricity can be generated in Nepal. But mainly for economic and political reasons, so far we have not been able to generate even one percent of total capacity. This is a serious challenge to face for the economic growth of the country. So the government must bring effective policies and make funding from various sources to install more hydropower projects. It is the matter of happiness that we have made a remarkable progress in the field of communication over the last decade.
| S.N | Hydroelectricity projects | Location | Production |
| 1 | Marsyanghadi Hydroelectricity Project | Tanahu | 69MW |
| 2 | Kulekhani Hydroelectricity Project(I) | Makwanpur | 60 MW |
| 3 | Trishuli Hydroelectricity Project | Nuwakot | 21 MW |
| 4 | Sunkoshi Hydroelectricity Project | Sindhupalchowk | 10.05 MW |
| 5 | Bhotekoshi Hydroelectricity Project | Sindhupalchowk | 42 MW |
| 6 | Kaligandaki-A Hydroelectricity Project | Syangja | 140 MW |
| 7 | Chilime Hydroelectricity Project | Rasuwa | 20 MW |
| 8 | Modhikhola Hydroelectricity Project | Parbat | 14 MW |
| 9 | Upper Tamakoshi Hydroeectricity Project | Dolakha | 456 MW |
| 10 | Jhimruk Hydroelectrcity Project(Under construction) | Pyuthan | 12 MW |
| 11 | Mid Marsyangdi Hydroelectricity Project | Lamjung | 70 MW |
The process of exchanging information between two or more persons to mutual understanding to each other is called communication.It involves the flow of information from a sender to receiver.It is one of the important infrastructure of development.Especially by means of electronic, print, radio, waves and several other means that may be e- mail, internet, telephone, radio, television, letter, fax, magazines, newspapers and such other means used in everyday communication. We need to communicate to share information with other. The development of means of communication has made interpersonal relations close, interact and easy.Communication plays an important role in the development of the country. It reduces the distance and makes the flow of information faster and easily available.It also saves time, budget and labor, Information, ideas and opinions can be shared among many persons at any given time through modern means of communication.